Poultry Waste as an Organic Fertilizer

Poultry Waste as an Organic Fertilizer LITERATURE REVIEW The several studies have been reported that the higher amounts of metals are present in different organic wastes, such as poultry fertilizer (Lopes et al., 2011; Bolan et al. 2004) and poultry fertilizer composts (Haroun et al. 2009; Farrell and Jones 2009a; Chen et al. 2008; Cai et al. 2007; Goi et al. 2006; Ihnat and Fernandes 1996; Ayuso et al. 1996; Ciavatta et al. 1993). These metals are potentially bio-transferable to soils and to different crops (Lopes et al., 2011; Achiba et al. 2009; Odlare et al. 2008; Bose and Bhattacharyya 2008; Kidd et al. 2007; Casado-vela et al. 2007; Korboulewsky et al. 2002; Cole et al. 2001; Bazzoffi et al. 1998; Pinamonti et al. 1997). Literature survey have suggested the both concerns of metals availability and mobility to humans environment, and their necessity for regular agronomic practices. The application of poultry waste as an organic fertilizer is major source for improving soil productivity and crop yield (Dikinya 2010; Cooperband et al. 2002). However, beside these beneficial applications of poultry waste, it is also responsible for different problems and adverse effects towards soil and plants and the trace level of these metals in plants may pose health hazards to plants consumers such as humans and animals (Singh R 2010; Arroyo et al., 2014; Diaz-Barrientoset al. 2003). The induction of HM due to poultry waste land practices to agricultural land may behave a different role in affecting soil composition and the growth of plant (Zhou et al., 2005; Miyazawa et al. 2002, Walker et al. 2003). Tao and Mancl 2008, estimated daily manure production by a broiler and laying hen to be 0.09 kg and 0.18 kg, respectively. Moreki JC and Chiripasi SC 2011; Edwards 1992, described the factors that influence manure production include type of chicken, age and breed, stocking densi ty, feed conversion, kind and amount of feed, litter, floor, moisture content of manure, and even climatic impacts during absorption. Ritz and Merka, 2009 reported, that the factors affecting composition of manure are type of birds, feed nutrient density, bedding material and amount, time in use and other management factors. 2.1. Beneficial impacts of poultry waste The poultry waste amendment in soil as a fertilizer is a common practice for centuries and it had been used the most desired natural fertilizer due to contents of high amount of nitrogen (Sloan et al., 2003) and nourishes plants with necessary nutrients. Poultry fertilizer have enhanced the product yield in several crops, such as Bermuda grass, wheat, rice, orchard, grass fescue, and corn (Moore 1995; Edwards and Daniel 1992; Wood 1992; Miller et al. 1991). Such practices of manures to agricultural soil raises organic contents, provides nutrients, improves soil structure and increases nutrients which are induced by crops (Lopes 2011; Singh and Agrawal 2008; Weber et al. 2007). It is reported that the increase in crops yield is due to the higher contents of Nitrogen present in waste, whereas, in rice crop S, Zn, P, K and N cannot duplicated in graded soils (Moore et al. 2005; Miller et al. 1991). Sunarlim et al., 1999 has been stated that, the application of chicken farm waste provide nutrients as well as134 increases the biological, physical chemical and properties of agricultural soil. It has been investigated by Jamali et al. 2008; Scancar et al., 2000 that, the higher amount of organic content and significant concentrations of P and N in solid waste endorse its usage, in the most cost- effective mode, as an agricultural manure or as a soil conditioner. Caviatti et al., 1993 11 stated that increase in pH of composite lowers the mobility of HM. The disposing of animal waste is the beneficial land disposal method and increases agronomic production (Ekop et al. 2011; Obasi et al., 2008). This is a typical economic sustainable means of changing waste to wealth. Due to the high cost of inorganic fertilizers, small scale farmers now apply livestock and poultry manure, sewage sludge and municipal waste to improve soil fertility (Odoemelam and Ajunwa, 2008; 51). In terms of HM stabilization in polluted sites, very small metal concentration of metals into shoot/stems is acceptable to prevent their induction to food chain via ecosystem described by Pichtel et al., 2000. Singh et al. 2012, reported that the nutrient accumulation amount vary by crop specie and variety. As reported by ul Islam et al. 2007, the association of microbes and root and soil and plant acts an active specie in regulation of HM transference from agricultural soil to edible parts of plants. Chibuike 2014; ul Islam et al. 2007 and Baker 1981, reported that these plants are able to tolerate the HM via three mechanisms, namely, (a). exclusion: restriction of metal transport and maintenance of a constant metal concentration in the shoot within the higher range of soil concentration (b). inclusion: metal concentrations within the shoot reflecting relationship; and (c). bioaccumulation: accumulation of metals in the shoot and roots of plants at both low and high soil concentrati ons. Thomas et al. 2012, stated that the essential and non-essential metals may accumulated in soils by means of wastewater irrigation, sewage sludge and poultry manure application by the use of fertilizers and agrochemicals. 2.2. Adverse effects of poultry waste Nowadays, environmental pollution is of high global concern issue. Regarding to this issue, HM pollution in agricultural soil has always been deeply focused by the scientific community 34. (A. K. Chopra., 2009; 34) reported that the HM are usually present at lower concentrations in soil, due to their toxicity and cumulative behavior HM does not only have toxic effects on plants but also create human health problems. The existence of HM in animal excretion (livestock and poultry manure) may contained in their feed or other supplements (Hamid and Jawaid 2013; Lopes 2011; Petersen et al. 2007; European Commission 2003). Therefore, the extent of HM in manure is usually moderate for lead and cadmium. The micronutrients such as Zn and Cu, generally added to animal feed supplements, to enhance the production and disease prevention (Nicholson et al. 1999). It was reported by Barathi et al., 2013, Kelleher, et al., 2002, that utilization of poultry waste as fertilizer have many adverse impacts, such as ground and surface water contamination, odors and insect accumulation with decrease in crop production. (FAO, 2006) stated that the aerial emissions of pollutants from poultry production facilities can affect air quality. Ammonia emitted into the atmosphere is arguably the most environmentally significant aerial contaminant related with poultry production. Zhang et al. 2005 reported that, the excreta of poultry farms contain some harmful components, such as HM, pathogenic microorganisms and veterinary drugs. McLaughlin et al., 1999 has reported that all HM are toxic at higher concentrations. Ligaba 2011 and Barazani 2004 reported that, the HM due to oxidative damage in plants may responsible to create toxicity to higher plants , including enhanced lipid per oxidation, oxidation of protein and reductants in the cell DNA impairment, , 12 stated that the, toxic metals have negative impact on crops may be due to oxidative stress, dislocating of enzymes or essential metals within the pigments present in plants, disruption of the molecules, metabolic processes and reduce the growth and production yield (Stohs and Bagchi, 1995, Zhang, et al., 2000). Bolan et al. 2004 and Park et al. 2011 stated that the beneficial effects, concern over the potential hazards associated with organic manures continues to attract the attention. Dean 2008 stated that, the PM may contain relatively high concentrations of several trace metals such as: Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe and Zn as reported by Unwin, 1998; Sims and Wolf, 19 94; Bolan et al., 2010. A.K. Chopra, 2009, reported that, HM are the important pollutant group, these are stable and cannot be degraded or destroyed, therefore these tend to accumulate in soils. The HM also occur in nature, their excessive accumulation can create carcinogenic and other toxic effects in living organisms. Further he reported that, various industries are playing a key role in this context by discharging a large amount of effluents on the land soil. According to Gupta 2007, the distribution and absorption of HM in tissues of vegetable plants are important to assess and monitor the role of phytoremediation in metaliferous soils. Lente, J. 2014; Drechsel, 2014 and Muchuwati M. 2006, described that, the regular assessment in agricultural soils and crops is therefore, very important to analyze concentration and conceive the method to reduce contamination, in order to reduce risks to human health. In vegetables these HM accumulate in edible parts (fruits, leaves and roots) and the HM are most often found in vegetables include cadmium, copper, arsenic, chromium, lead, zinc, cobalt and nickel earlier described by Drechsel, 2014; Lakmalie 2011 and Muchuwati et al., 2006, stated that other than the safety risks, HM higher than the permissible limits also pollute soils and affect quality and growth of crops. The trace levels of HM may create problems in soil, such as food chain contaminations and phytotoxicity as stated by Kumaragamage an d Indraratne 2011; Nicholson et al., 2003 and 35, 85. Arunakumara et al., 2013; Sadon et al., 2012; Chand et al.,2012, have been reported that contamination of agricultural soils with HM, created significant environmental problems and Rotkittikhun 2007 stated that, their uptake by plants can have strong adverse impacts on human health contaminated via food chain. McLaughlin et al., 2000; Pierzynski et al., 2000 have documented that synthetic fertilizers and pesticides contain trace metals as impurities or active ingredients. Singh and Aggarwal, 2006 reported, the crop yields get contaminated, the excessive metals in the plant can result in decreased crop yield too due to the inhibition of plant metabolic processes. Baig et al. 2011; Cooper et al., 2011 and ul Islam 2007 estimated that, thresholds of nutritional toxicity in soil to plant system and accumulation of HM in plants may vary with several factors. Roeper et al. 2005; 41 contended that the problem created due to the poultry industries is the excreted manure, it is hazardous to livings and environment due improper disposing and treatment methods. Furthermore, it spread diseases, contaminate the groundwater resources and agricultural soils, if not handled properly. 2.3. Sequential Extraction of HM The bioavailable and mobile HM, and their ecotoxicity to crops, rely and depend upon the origin of bonding and their definite chemical forms 35. In order to evaluate and monitor geochemical forms and harmful effects, these physicochemical forms should be evaluated, rather than the total metal concentration investigated by Fuentes 2004; Pueyo et al., 2001; Fernandez et al., 2000; Perez -Cid et al., 1999; Legret, 1993. The environmental behavior of potentially toxic metals critically rely on their origins (Bacon et al. 2008; Kazi et al. 2006; Ure and Davidson 2002). The way by which HM bound to solid components of environment, like sediments and soils, this act may affect the bioavailability, mobility and toxicity of metals towards livings (Bacon et al. 2008). The Sequential Extraction scheme was firstly suggested by Lasheen 2009; Kersten and Forstner 1986; Tessier et al. 1979; which comprises five steps: Yao 2009 (i) Exchangeable fraction, (ii) Carbonated bound fraction (extracted by acetic-acetate buffer), 114 (iii) Fe/Mn oxide bound fraction (extracted by hydroxylamine), (iv) Organic matter bound fraction (extracted by hydrogen peroxide in nitric acid) and (v) Residual fraction. The Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) in 1987 also began a scheme to harmonies the procedure used in the sequential extraction schemes to determine the levels of HM in various environmental samples, it was also used to define CRM (certified reference material) by Ure et al., 1993. This procedure has been historically used to various matrix, such as soil (Vieira 2009; Vidaland Rauret, 1993), sewage sludge (Prez-Cid et al., 1996, Alvarez et al., 2002), sediment (Thomas85et al., 1994, Marin et al., 1997), ash (Villar et al., 2001) and composts (Oyeyiola 2011; Gre enway and Song, 2002). The BCR sequential extraction, a simple 70 3-steps and an additional step, which give rise to four different fractions that was thoroughly tested by inter laboratory trials reported by Delgado 2011; Tokalioglu et al., 2000. The original procedure was reported by Quevauviller et al., 1994 and Quevauviller, 1998, Cappuyns 2009, consist 3-extractions which separated ‘acid extractable’ (CH3COOH 0.11 M), ‘reducible’ (NH2OH.HCl, 0.1 M, pH 2) and ‘oxidisable’ (H2O2 30%) fractions. 2.4. Modified BCR Procedure The reducing extraction (NH2OH.HCl) fraction in the BCR sequential extraction scheme was found to suffer from a lack of reproducibility (Cappuyns 2007). After testing different reaction conditions (concentration of the reagent, pH), the NH2OH.HCl concentration was changed to 0.5 M and the pH of the reagent was adjusted to 1.5 by addition of a fixed volume of HNO3 instead of 0.1 M NH2OH.HCl at pH 2 39. Original BCR procedure recently being superseded by a modified version and this procedure is very popular during recent years and their application has increased lately, during the certification of Reference Materials reported by Sahuquillo et al.,1999, Rauret et al., 2000; 103 Perez Cid et al., 2001, Sutherland and Tack, 2002, Mossop and Davidson, 2003; Kazi et al., 2006. The revised protocol involves use of an increased concentration of NH2OH †¢HCl and lower pH (Mossop 2003). It improves reproducibility due, it is thought, to a more efficient dissolution of the reducible fraction of the soil matrix, most probably the iron oxyhydroxide phase. 2.5. Single Extractions The single extraction procedures are widely used as a general tool to evaluate metal polluted sediments, sewage sludge (MarguÄ ± 2004; Hardaway et al., 1999), construction materials and soils (van der Sloot et al., 1996). Ph. Quevauviller et al., 1997, investigated that for soil and environmental samples the most commonly used leaching/extraction tests were selected in order to identify the degree of similarity, exchangeability and/or complementary nature of data. These tests consisted of single extractions using water, mild (CaCl2, NaNO3), acid (CH3COOH) and complexing extractants (EDTA, DTPA) (Houba et al., 1990, Gupta and Aten, 1993). According to MarguÄ ± 2004, the leaching test, which is based on a German Standard Method (DIN 38414-S4) was developed to assess leaching of sludge and sediments from water and wastewater treatment. Among single extraction methods, CaCl2 and DTPA were the most widely used extractants (Wang 2004; Houba et al., 1996; Novozamsky et al., 1993). 2.5.1. Complexing extractant (EDTA) Beckett, 1989, McLaughlin et al., 2000, 33 has been to express heavy-metal levels in soils as plant- or potentially plant-available metal levels rather than â€Å"total† concentrations. This implies that â€Å"weaker† extractants or chelating agents be used in heavy-metal studies. EDTA, in either the di-sodium or di-ammonium salt form, has been used extensively in a host of studies as an extractant of potentially plant- available heavy metals. Baig et al. 2010; David Fangueiro 2002; Ure et al., 1993, Quevauviller et al. 1998 reported using a single extraction scheme such as extraction with EDTA has been suggested by the Measurement and Testing Programme, in order to analyze the bioavailable HM. However, these methods of evaluation are attained under equilibrium conditions and the bioavailability and distribution of species, achieved only by thermodynamic considerations is also of limited application. 2.5.2. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) 0.01 M Calcium Chloride (Jones 2007; McBride et al., 2003; Houba et al., 2000; van Erp et al., 1998) have been suggested as measure of phytoavailability for selected HM in soil and solid samples. The bioavailable extractable trace and toxic HM were also evaluated by using 0.01 M CaCl2 as an extractant (Menzies et al., 2007; Kuo et al., 2006). Xiao-ping et al., 2004 have described that the CaCl2 is one of the main constituents of soil background electrolytes. The HM, which are accumulated in soil, may weaken and break the bonding sites of calcium (Razic 2006). 2.5.3. Water extraction fraction (DIN test 38414-S4) Leita and Nobili, 1991, examined that most readily bioavailable fractions of organics and HM are the water-soluble in composts applied to soils. So that the water soluble extraction in soil is always thought to be the portion of the most weakly bound forms to the solid phase (Akira Takeda. 2006). The deionized water was used for the water extraction, these extraction methods were initiated with 1:10 ratio of soil and extract volume, at room temperature and shaken for 2-hours then flirted and analyzed (Berti and Jacob, 1996).

Why I Dance

Ever since I was a little girl dance has always been in my life. I can still remember as a three year old putting on my favorite pink sparkly costume on, and applying bright red-hot lipstick all over my chirpy face. I would put glitter all over my face and run around the house twirling. I felt like I was a princess whenever I danced, but sometimes I think I got so into my own fantasy, that I got so dizzy I knocked myself into the wall. And the wall wasn’t the only thing I got myself knocked into, I got myself into chairs, tables and even a lamp!Usually I would just cry for a couple minutes and my mother would comfort me but then I’d get right back on my feet and start twirling. But once I knocked into my mother’s lamp, I think that was the last straw she finally said to me, â€Å"Honey, if I put you in a dance class will you PROMISE me you wont dance in the house again? † and that’s how it all began†¦ Now 10 years later I still keep dancing. Da ncing is not so much as a choice to me as a need. When one is thirsty, one drinks water.When I hear music, my body naturally starts moving because this is what I need to do to stay alive. Dance is and will always be my passion. People tend to ask me why I love dance so much, but words can’t explain, you have to be a dancer to completely understand the love of this art. Maybe it’s the control of the dancers body to execute each move flawlessly that enraptures me? Or it could be the look on the dancers’ face that that says they love what they’re doing? Either way I love to dance. It brings such joy to so many people, both the dancer and the people watching.Some people may disagree and say, â€Å"Dance is not a sport! † But I say it is. Sports require pushing your body physical body to reach its maximum performance level. Some people consider throwing a ball and tackling a sport. But in my mind that is not a sport. Dance is a sport. Dance requires gra ce and elegance. Dance requires you to feel the music, and let the music seep into you. To dance you have to take all your emotions out and mix them with your body and muscles and you get a beautiful aroma of dance.Dance requires pushing your bodies to the ultimate limit, to dance you have to stretch daily and get as flexible as you can be. Dance requires patience and practice. In dance you may not get a new move right away, so you have to be patient with yourself and keep practicing and practicing till you finally get the move. So when you combine all these elements passion, practice, patience, flexibility and emotion you get something beautiful, you get dance. In a way dance is like life. Whenever I’m learning a new move I always find myself landing on the ground head flat hard.I yelp in pain from the sore in my thigh, but I just get right back on my feet for more. In life you always find yourself facing new challenges. But if you run into a new challenge you just need to g et right up back on your feet, live your life, and face the challenges. The shiny lemon-scented smooth wood bar tightly screwed onto the wall is like my friends and family. The ballet bar is like my family because when I’m going through tough things in life my friends and family are always there to comfort and help me through the problem.Well the ballet bar is like that to because when I dance or use the bar to stretch and I feel I a little off balance I just grip the bar. So the bar is like my family and friends because it gives me the support I need when I dance. I remember the day I bought my first pair of Pointe shoes. They were so perfectly wrapped and pretty. They were a beautiful shade of light pink leather and smelled like a new car. They were as soft as velvet and just absolutely perfect. In Ballet each time I master a new step, its like life, my ballet shoes represent new beginnings.When I graduate college, that will be a new beginning, and when I am older and get m arried, that will be a new beginning. All throughout life, we begin new things whether there good or bad we just have to keep living our lives and enjoy it because we only have one. Now ten years later from twirling around my house and knocking into walls, and lamps I think about how much I’ve grown as a dancer and a person. Dance has helped me in a lot of areas; I am very athletic, strong, and have high self-esteem.I am encouraged now more than ever to try my best in class, at competitions, and in life in general. So in conclusion, dance is a perfect example of everything I want to be when I’m older: Strong, beautiful, smart and hopeful. I know I’m not completely those things now, but I can strive to become them, as I get older. I love dance, and I hope to dance for the rest of my life, and when I’m 60 years old I’ll still be able to do my splits. And that’s why Dance is and will always be my passion.

Counselling Skills

The purpose of this essay is describing the counselling practices that I did in my class room. I n this reflective essay, I will describe the style of counselling that I used so far , the actions I had taken, the area of skills where I need further improvement, my perception about the feedbacks from other students and faculty supervisor . By discussing this particular experience in detail, I can start to aware of the specific skills and technique which counsellor may use in different situation of the client in order to boost the client to take positive action by her or himself . As part of community welfare curriculum, I need to role paly 20 minutes of counselling session with my colleague. Before the final role play I had done few days of practice sessions with my colleague. I was getting feedback from rest of the classmates and teacher as they would be the observers of the counselling sessions. I found the practice sessions challenging because my friend was acting as client. Even though I was playing the role of counsellor, my mind was struggling to consider my friend as client. Before embarking upon my reflection regarding counselling, I would like to contribute a brief description of about the client. My client was 52years of old lady who was looking after her 72 years of old mother. She (mother of the client) was suffering dementia. The client hast two kids who are studying. As she was working seven days, she wasn’t getting time to ventilate her feeling to anyone. Actually she came to me with complaints of stress. She was afraid to tell her mother she was contemplating nursing home care. Basically I was really focused on my micro skills rather than therapeutic skills† as they plays pivotal role in counselling skills more â€Å"I belief. The micro skills such as empathy, questioning, minimal encourages, paraphrasing , summary, eye contact, body language, voice, structure, observation, listening and reflection of feeling could germinate the pathways to motivate the clients to ventilate his or her deeper feelings and more over could help the counsellor to build up purposeful relationship with client. However I tried to involve bit of cognitive behaviour therapy specifically downward arrow and questioning technique. As a counsellor my intention was to challenge her (client) about her irrational belief’ the mother would be upset when I tell about the need of nursing care ’. I tried to confront the client with the reality of situation by supporting the client to think of probable consequences such as â€Å"what‘s the worst that could happen if tell your mum about nursing home rehabilitation? † And a part from that used technique of universalization by describing similar kind of experiences but it was not enough for my client get enough courage to face her issue. I tried the empty chair concept which I was extracted from gestalt therapy (Patterson, 1986). The empty chair was failure, even though it nurtured the idea of asking the client â€Å"how would to response to a friend of having the same scenario†? That was the turning point as it brought insight to the client that I was anticipating her mother’s response and that was I worried more about rather than agony related to send mother to nursing home. All the counselling sessions were challenging because it was very hard to consider the colleague as a client and more over I was unsure in the beginning where to start, what I would ask, how in depth the session would be and so on. On the basis of the feedback that I got, in the first few days of the counselling role play I was expressing insufficient empathy as I was not acknowledging properly the scenario of the client. The posture wasn’t good enough because I was swinging on my chair. According to my point of view I need to avoid giving advice or tendency of giving solutions as it violates the self-determination right of the client. The comments from my colleagues were very helpful as it helped me to stick in the main stream of counselling structure. In my counselling interventions, the tendency of asking more questions and collecting information (exactly same as case history taking) was not uncommon. The tendency might be because I had taken many case histories before as part of social work studies. It was confusing rather than focusing on the client’s issue. For instance once the client told about the need of rehabilitation for her mother, I was diverted from her (client) stress and started to thinking of certain strategies to deal her mother’s issue (dementia) . Therefore I just need to train myself to focus on the client issue. Feedback has a very good role in improving the skills of the counsellor. It helps to determine the area where improvement or modification is needed. For example I employed empathy but not enough to acknowledge the feelings of the client. The suggestions from my mates demonstrated the way we express empathy towards client’s feelings and also illustrated lots of relevant questions which I could ask to the client. From the brief explanation of self-reflection of counselling skills, counselling mproves personal effectiveness (Narayana Rao, 2002). The counsellor aims to bring about positive action on part of counselee and change the perception or understanding (irrational belief) by him or her shelf. The counsellor should be skilful in employing micro skills and the practical application of some sort of therapies from the counsellors could be helpful to provide self-direction to client or client. The feedbacks or comments from clients, colleagues, supervisors and other organizational staffs bring improvement or development of skills among counsellors. The counsellors themselves learn from experiences. Counsellor education and training or role plays stress the need of consistent approach in terms of counsellor’s experience, personality all reflects in his or her counselling. The practical sessions brings eligibility to counsellors to choose the style, ideas, principles, techniques and methods that appeal to him as meaningful and useful. The new insights from feedback enable the client to re-evaluate the ideas, principles, methods and modify or change according to client’s situation. This role paly session was very helpful for me because it improved my skills of developing counselling relationship with client. Now I hope I know thoroughly how would start? Howe would motivate the client to ventilate his or her feelings? How would I approach therapeutically the client? And also I could learn how could use the technique ‘silence’ effectively? So over all this counselling role paly was a great opportunity to get insight into my advantage and dis advantage of counselling skills. Therefore I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to my faculty supervisor and my colleagues. Counselling Skills The purpose of this essay is describing the counselling practices that I did in my class room. I n this reflective essay, I will describe the style of counselling that I used so far , the actions I had taken, the area of skills where I need further improvement, my perception about the feedbacks from other students and faculty supervisor . By discussing this particular experience in detail, I can start to aware of the specific skills and technique which counsellor may use in different situation of the client in order to boost the client to take positive action by her or himself . As part of community welfare curriculum, I need to role paly 20 minutes of counselling session with my colleague. Before the final role play I had done few days of practice sessions with my colleague. I was getting feedback from rest of the classmates and teacher as they would be the observers of the counselling sessions. I found the practice sessions challenging because my friend was acting as client. Even though I was playing the role of counsellor, my mind was struggling to consider my friend as client. Before embarking upon my reflection regarding counselling, I would like to contribute a brief description of about the client. My client was 52years of old lady who was looking after her 72 years of old mother. She (mother of the client) was suffering dementia. The client hast two kids who are studying. As she was working seven days, she wasn’t getting time to ventilate her feeling to anyone. Actually she came to me with complaints of stress. She was afraid to tell her mother she was contemplating nursing home care. Basically I was really focused on my micro skills rather than therapeutic skills† as they plays pivotal role in counselling skills more â€Å"I belief. The micro skills such as empathy, questioning, minimal encourages, paraphrasing , summary, eye contact, body language, voice, structure, observation, listening and reflection of feeling could germinate the pathways to motivate the clients to ventilate his or her deeper feelings and more over could help the counsellor to build up purposeful relationship with client. However I tried to involve bit of cognitive behaviour therapy specifically downward arrow and questioning technique. As a counsellor my intention was to challenge her (client) about her irrational belief’ the mother would be upset when I tell about the need of nursing care ’. I tried to confront the client with the reality of situation by supporting the client to think of probable consequences such as â€Å"what‘s the worst that could happen if tell your mum about nursing home rehabilitation? † And a part from that used technique of universalization by describing similar kind of experiences but it was not enough for my client get enough courage to face her issue. I tried the empty chair concept which I was extracted from gestalt therapy (Patterson, 1986). The empty chair was failure, even though it nurtured the idea of asking the client â€Å"how would to response to a friend of having the same scenario†? That was the turning point as it brought insight to the client that I was anticipating her mother’s response and that was I worried more about rather than agony related to send mother to nursing home. All the counselling sessions were challenging because it was very hard to consider the colleague as a client and more over I was unsure in the beginning where to start, what I would ask, how in depth the session would be and so on. On the basis of the feedback that I got, in the first few days of the counselling role play I was expressing insufficient empathy as I was not acknowledging properly the scenario of the client. The posture wasn’t good enough because I was swinging on my chair. According to my point of view I need to avoid giving advice or tendency of giving solutions as it violates the self-determination right of the client. The comments from my colleagues were very helpful as it helped me to stick in the main stream of counselling structure. In my counselling interventions, the tendency of asking more questions and collecting information (exactly same as case history taking) was not uncommon. The tendency might be because I had taken many case histories before as part of social work studies. It was confusing rather than focusing on the client’s issue. For instance once the client told about the need of rehabilitation for her mother, I was diverted from her (client) stress and started to thinking of certain strategies to deal her mother’s issue (dementia) . Therefore I just need to train myself to focus on the client issue. Feedback has a very good role in improving the skills of the counsellor. It helps to determine the area where improvement or modification is needed. For example I employed empathy but not enough to acknowledge the feelings of the client. The suggestions from my mates demonstrated the way we express empathy towards client’s feelings and also illustrated lots of relevant questions which I could ask to the client. From the brief explanation of self-reflection of counselling skills, counselling mproves personal effectiveness (Narayana Rao, 2002). The counsellor aims to bring about positive action on part of counselee and change the perception or understanding (irrational belief) by him or her shelf. The counsellor should be skilful in employing micro skills and the practical application of some sort of therapies from the counsellors could be helpful to provide self-direction to client or client. The feedbacks or comments from clients, colleagues, supervisors and other organizational staffs bring improvement or development of skills among counsellors. The counsellors themselves learn from experiences. Counsellor education and training or role plays stress the need of consistent approach in terms of counsellor’s experience, personality all reflects in his or her counselling. The practical sessions brings eligibility to counsellors to choose the style, ideas, principles, techniques and methods that appeal to him as meaningful and useful. The new insights from feedback enable the client to re-evaluate the ideas, principles, methods and modify or change according to client’s situation. This role paly session was very helpful for me because it improved my skills of developing counselling relationship with client. Now I hope I know thoroughly how would start? Howe would motivate the client to ventilate his or her feelings? How would I approach therapeutically the client? And also I could learn how could use the technique ‘silence’ effectively? So over all this counselling role paly was a great opportunity to get insight into my advantage and dis advantage of counselling skills. Therefore I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to my faculty supervisor and my colleagues. ï » ¿Counselling Skills P1: Describe processes for initiating, maintaining, developing and concluding a helping relationshipA helping relationship is a relationship between the professional and the patient/client which aims to help the client get through difficult situations and encourage the client to overcome their issues.Gerard Egan’s 3 Stage Skilled Helper Mode 1994, provides a basic guideline on how helping relationships should be carried out. It is important that helpers take into consideration the steps provided in the Egan’s mode as it provides structure and positive support to clients.The 3 stages are:1. The Present Scenario 2. The Preferred Scenario 3. Getting ThereWithin each stage there are additional steps which provide detailed guidelines that will help the client achieve the next step in the model.The Present Scenario – Stage 1Expansive 1a. the StoryThis step is to encourage the client to tell the story, the helper should demonstrate good listening skills and support the client tell a detailed and topic related story. It also encourages the client to get side tracked and maintain focus on the problem.Challenging 2a. blind spotsAt times it may be hard for the client to tell the story which got them conflicted. The helper should guide the client to see the situation from different perspectives through empathetic reflections and challenging questions to encourage the client to push oneself to fill in gaps that may be missing from their story.Focusing 1c. leverageThis is the last section of the first stage; at this point the client may feel overwhelmed after telling the helper what the problem is. The helper should aid the client on concentrating on a part of their story that they feel they have the energy to change and resolve.The Preferred Scenario – Stage 2Expletory 2a. possibilitiesAt this stage the helper should encourage the client to think what way they would want their situation to be. The helper should avoid over analysing or judging the client regardless of what the client describe as their perfect scenario. The client should be pushing the client to open their mind and see the bigger picture outside the problem and how they prefer things to be.Reality Testing 2a. change agendaAfter the client expresses how they wish their situation to be, the helper should encourage the client to think of realistic goal (SMART goals) that can be achievable. The client should be thinking of a time frame which they can reach within a certain time limit. The helper should support these and be a mediator for the client when they are setting their goals.Committing 2c. commitmentThe aim of the final step of stage two is for the helper to evaluate the commitment level displayed by the client to achieving their goal. The helper should encourage the client to evaluate the benefits and costs of dedicating oneself to the goal and show their determinacy to achieving it.Getting There – Stage 3Creative 3a. Possible ActionsThe first step of stage 3 aims to encourage the client to brainstorm possible places, people, organisations; actions and attitudes that would them achieve their set goals. The helper should encourage and motivate the client to think widely on possible strategies to achieve their goal (101 ways to achieve the goal).Selecting 3b. best fit strategiesAfter the brainstorm the client will be left with many strategies, the helper should set in to guide the client to select the best and most fitting strategy to achieve their desired goal. The helper should also guide the client to analyse the internal and external factors that may affect the way their strategy is carried out.Moving Forward 3c. pointEgan’s Model final step, this aims to help the client plan their next steps. The plan of action should be broken down into small sections and the client should be confident and positive when explained their action plan to the helper. The helper should be encouraging the client to turn wishes into goals, but avoiding on pushing the client on creating goals that they have no desire of achieving.To conclude Egan’s Model proves to be a concise and important part of a helping relationship as it provides helpers with a structure and guide on how to conduct sessions and how to track improvement from client when reaching a new stage.

In August Wilsons Play - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1174 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Fences Essay Did you like this example? In August Wilsons play, Fences, the attitude towards women is that they are incapable, unimportant, and have the same worth is objects that can be bought and sold. To contrast the fact that a male playwright wrote this, if a female were to write a version of Fences it would be more focused on the women and their feelings, hardships, and emotions rather than just focusing on the mens. From the few women that are in Fences, we can see that they both defy and typify the standard roles for women in the 1950s. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "In August Wilsons Play" essay for you Create order The women in Fences are hard-working and will not stand for it when met with an injustice. To further the theme of sexism Fences, we can see the attitude towards women throughout the text. They are constantly being overlooked, seen as incapable, and treated like objects. Examples of this poor treatment include the conversation on page 5 where Troy talks to his own wife like she is lesser than him. what you worried about what we getting into for? This is men talk, woman. Rose is told off and talked to like she was in Troys way and is incapable of comprehending what he is saying. Another example of miss treatment is when Troy calls for Rose like a dog and expect her to stay silent and act unbothered. you supposed to come when I call you, woman.(P.43) with Troy wants to show his ownership over Rose, he says woman at the end of his request as if it was an insult. Do you examples show how overlooked Roses feelings are, and how she is shown ownership and that it is a womans job to respect and serve her husband rather than their marriage being a mutual agreement. Troy says hurtful things and doesnt give roses feelings a second thought. Rose seems just as a step in Troys life that helps him get to home base. This is the attitude towards women instances and how their feelings are not highlighted in the text due to its focus being on the men. In contrast to men being the main focus of Fences, what if it were written by a female author? If it was, she would more focus on the womens roles in Fences and their emotions, hardships, and life in general. Evidence of this shows itself in scenes that mention women briefly, but dont show their side of the story. Early in the book, Troy told Rose that his conversation with Bono is men talk(P.5) and that she should just leave him alone. How a female author wouldve approached this scene is how to show how Rose mustve felt after that comment was made and how incapable it must have made her feel. another example of a scene or female play right wouldve written better what is the scene the Troy threatens to physically harm Roos after she questioned him and expresses to him all the sacrifices she made for their relationship. Rose had every right to express how she felt about Troy doing this. After she expressed some of her feelings, Troy decides to become physical with her and grab her Rose turns to exit the house, Troy grabs her arm. (P.71) What we dont see at this moment is the fear and betrayal that mustve been running through Roses head after her husband of 18 years decided to do what he had promised not to do when they got married, hurt her. Troy, at this moment, betrayed the trust hed been building for 18 years and became a villain to his own wife. This scene is one of the few times we get to see how Rose is feeling in the consequences of her expressing herself to Troy. After this encounter, Rose and Troys relationship was never the same. Troy has a need to control everything in his life, including Rose and her emotions. He didnt like the truth that finally came out of her mouth, so he tried to control her by keeping it shut. If a female author was to re-write this scene, she would show more of Roses internal dialogue and more of the hurt that she was feeling physically and mentally. Because how this scene is written originally, it only shows her fight or flight response and not the internal blame and conflict she was feeling inside. These thoughts are really shown in senses and or even more rarely acted upon. If they were to show more refute, it would start a conflict. Starting conflict with the man at this time, especially with your husband, was defying roles for the time and could make a woman become hurt mentally or physically. In Fences, the women more defied roles than typified them, but elements of both defying and typifying the roles are pre sent. Evidence of this include when Troy calls Rose like a dog, and rather than staying silent and doing as shes told, She stands up for herself and says Man, hush your mouth. I aint no dogtalk about come when you call me.(P.43) She acknowledges the poor treatment and doesnt play host to it without voicing her opinion. This defies roles at the time because women were seen as inferior to men and things that should do as men command. Rose and many other women didnt agree with this but it was seen as normal at the time. And in this scene, Rose did what wasnt expected of women at the time and defended herself. In contrast to this, Rose also typifies the roles for women in the 1950s. Examples of this are when Gabe says Im ready for my sandwich, Rose.(P.49) and she follows his demanding request and does as he says. In this time the roles of women were like tools used for lust, love, cooking, and cleaning. Rose in this example listens to him and makes him a sandwich without argument, as requested. That is how women were ideally expected to act in this time and Rose played host to that in this scene. These examples show how the women in Fences both defy and typify the roles of women in the 1950s and the attitude towards women during this time. In Conclusion, even though Fences was written in 1983, It very well highlights issues faced by women in the 1950s. Even though August Wilson doesnt really give the women a second thought and mainly focuses on the men. Theyre constantly overlooked, hurt, and seen as unimportant. They were presented this way because of Wilson being a man and not fully understanding the womens issues, or, they were presented this way to further highlight the theme of sexism in the 1950s. The women in Fences also followed some of the roles that were set in place at that time but in contrast, also defied some roles at the same time. Fences May not have had sexism as the main theme, but it gives insight to the attitude towards women in Fences, and the attitude towards them in the 1950s.